The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that serves both endocrine (hormone-producing) and exocrine (digestive enzyme-producing) functions.
Endocrine Function:
Specialized cells called islets of Langerhans produce hormones that regulate blood sugar. Beta cells produce insulin, which lowers blood glucose by helping cells absorb sugar from the bloodstream. Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises blood glucose by signaling the liver to release stored glucose. This insulin-glucagon balance keeps blood sugar stable throughout the day.
How Blood Sugar Regulation Works:
After eating, blood sugar rises, triggering beta cells to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key, allowing glucose to enter cells for energy or storage. Between meals or during sleep, when blood sugar drops, alpha cells release glucagon to mobilize stored glucose, maintaining stable levels. This precise balance prevents both hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
When Things Go Wrong:
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells, requiring insulin replacement. In type 2 diabetes, cells become resistant to insulin, and eventually beta cells may wear out from overproduction. Pancreatic conditions can also affect digestion, as the organ produces enzymes that break down food.
